Questions tagged [filesystems]
A filesystem is a way to organize and store computer files with their data.
4,086
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How to solve this kernel-panic on a Debian 12 system?
Context: My PC don't boot anymore after a power hard cut.
I can boot a LIVE DVD and mount all file systems.
fsck is clean on my boot partition (ext2) and on my system/root partition (btrfs)
smartctl -...
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0
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0
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IOzone Filesystem Benchmark WEIRD Results on EXT4
I'm currently using an i7 with 32 GB of RAM to measure ext4 performance. However, I've encountered some unusual results when testing with 8 GB and 16 GB files.
Shouldn't the performance increase ...
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1
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48
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syslinux creating unexpected partitions on disk image
I'm encountering some odd behavior while trying to install a bootloader on a disk image. Here's the process I followed:
$ dd if=/dev/zero of=test.img status=progress bs=200M count=1
1+0 records in
1+0 ...
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1
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1
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28
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What Linux filesystems support preallocating entire files to reduce Torrent/Gnutella file fragmentation?
The way I understand it, with the Linux ext3 filesystem at least, when a large file is created, the blocks are not actually allocated on to the disk until data is actually written to that portion of ...
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lvextend + use variable in order to lvextend filesystem
we have different Linux machines and each Linux machine need different partition size
in order to extend the root filesystem or var filesystem by script , we can use the following lvextend syntax , ...
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4
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2
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331
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How much space do I need to create a symlink?
I have a server which contains 1 TB of space. I filled it to capacity; then I wanted to make a symlink. I removed a different symlink, but the server still wasn't happy - it said I didn't have any ...
- 301
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1
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CentOS Directory is losing its 'x' executable flag when I move a file making the contents inaccessible [closed]
TL;DR: When I move a file from one folder to another, the destination folder loses its executable property making it and its contents inaccessible
[Originally posted on Stack Overflow but reposted to ...
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Block size output from lsblk and blockdev don't match
Why the output of LOG-SEC column and --getbsz in the following don't match? Are these values of different quantities? How to find actual values? And is the output of following stat command always ...
- 1,902
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System crashes desperately need grub fixes
Basic information about the system on which the problem occurs:
the operating system is RHEL9.2, running on VMware17 virtual machine
the total size of the hard disk 40g, my hard disk using MBR ...
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1
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41
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Files not listed when mounting VM image with guestmount
When I mount the disk image of a (stopped) KVM virtual machine, ls shows the home and tmp directories as empty, even though inside the virtual machine they are not empty and on the next run (after ...
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1
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What will happen when i mount several different devices on the same mountpoint? [duplicate]
I am learning the mount command and I am curious about what happens when I mount multiple devices to the same mount point?
#like this,what will happen?
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
mount /dev/sda2 /mnt
mount /...
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3
votes
1
answer
66
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Why is Tar speed not same?
I heard somewhere on the Internet that cpio is faster than tar.
So I tried to check it with my shell script.
#1/bin/bash
rm ct.tar ct.cpio
sync && sudo sh -c "/usr/bin/echo 3 > /proc/...
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0
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0
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68
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`No such file or directory:` ruff. but file exists
I am using nixOS and I have a flake.nix. I use pre-commit to run ruff.
my pre-commit config:
- repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
rev: v0.3.4
hooks:
- id: ruff
...
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-1
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1
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using rsync to measure difference between filesystems?
I'm running some expiriments to test filesystem differences, for example upgrading an older nixOS version and newer one to the same flake/configuration, as well as the same with debian and ansible. I'...
1
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0
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64
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Cannot touch a specific filename, but also cannot remove it [closed]
I'm using a linux terminal on a mounted drive which (according to df -Th ) is of type "cifs"; let's say I'm in directory /dir/. I created a file file_1. Then I deleted it, and now I want to ...
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Are any modifications to the FHS being worked on (by the Linux Foundation)?
https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/227625/386242 explains the myriad benefits of a simpler and more consistent filesystem hierarchy, but also that without any cross-OS standardization, such efforts are ...
1
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0
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51
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My available space decreases when I deleted .local folder [closed]
I am using a Linux computer through ssh (I do not have root privileges). In my home directory, usually when I run df . I see the message below:
$ df .
Filesystem Size Used Avail ...
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0
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0
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i'm getting error ext2fs_open2: Bad magic number in super-block on ubuntu 18
fsck from util-linux 2.31.1
e2fsck 1.44.1 (24-Mar-2018)
ext2fs_open2: Bad magic number in super-block
fsck.ext2: Superblock invalid, trying backup blocks...
fsck.ext2: Bad magic number in super-block ...
2
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0
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Can't mount extended logical partitions in RAID 0 Fake Array created by dmaid and device mapper
First of all, I would like to let you know I come here cause I'm looking for a solution or a way to be able to mount the HOME partition and to read the inside data.
I've been running Funtoo GNU/Linux ...
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0
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1
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Why do "force create mode" and "force directory mode" parameters exist in smb.conf?
I am reading How to Set Up a Network Shared Folder on Ubuntu With Samba. At the "Step 2: Configuring Samba" section the following configuration is given:
[sambashare]
comment= Network Shared ...
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elasticsearch cannot read certificate file - linux file permissions
I generated a certificate file with certbot. It is placed in /etc/letsencrypt/....
I created a group called elk where I added the elasticsearch user, and I recursively set it as the owning group for /...
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1
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1
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Is it safe to write to file's extents directly while the FS is r/w?
Given any file on an ext4 filesystem, it is possible (using filefrag -v) to get the list of real offsets+lengths where that file is located on the underlying block device.
Is it safe to open the ...
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How was the formula for calculating umask derived?
When using umask, I know that to get the resulting permission, the mask is first NOTed and then it is ANDed with the default permission (777 or 666).
Now my question is, how was this formula derived? ...
- 317
0
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0
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No partitions visible on external hard drive
I'm trying to rescue data from Linux installation on old laptop. It was dual-booted with windows. I know there is at least 1 ntfs partition and 1 ext4. I can boot Windows on the old laptop, but linux ...
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3
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1
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369
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Why a filesystem is unmounted but still in use?
I was using ext4 filesystems for a long time, and it's the first time I see a weird behavior of ext4 filesystem.
There is ext4 filesystem in /dev/dm-2
An I/O error happened in the underlying device, ...
- 143
0
votes
1
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113
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Why is the the apparent size of a file much larger than the actual disk usage in this case? (4.4GiB vs. 512B)
While browsing folders via ncdu, I noticed that the apparent size of a file was sometimes much larger than the actual disk usage. Example via ncdu, then a to toggle between showing disk usage and ...
- 5,007
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28
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Difference between non-executable directory with and without write
Is there a difference between a directory that is not writable (and not executable) and one that is writable (but still not executable)? It seems to me that they are equivalent, because creating/...
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2
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2
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271
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Finding offset of a filesystem in LVM relative to beginning of a drive
Finding offset of a filesystem that resides directly on a partition is easy: check the partition start sector, multiply by sector size, done.
What if the filesystem lives inside LVM? I could scan the ...
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11
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How to get full mountpoint path name by the sturct fc_context
In my kernel module, I've implemented a syscall hook named fsconfig to manage operations related to remounting readonly mountpoints. For instance, if a user executes mount /dev/sda /tmp/mytest -o ...
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0
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0
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51
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How to generate daily report of total bytes written (TBW,DWPD) to disk (SSD) in Linux
What is the best way to get the correct value of total bytes written to disk per day?
My goal is to log it over time, so as an admin you can gain some sense of activity on a Linux Server and have a ...
- 6,717
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Cutting machine with Linux: fsck died with status code 4
We have a cutting machine which is working with Linux.
I don't know a lot about Linux, so I attach a photo of the error which we get.
I will be happy if someone can help.
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1
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54
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Inode limit reached with free space available
Let's assume I was very unlucky and ran out of inodes in my ext4 filesystem but left with enough free space.
Inode usage is 100%, but it has 50% disk free space.
How can I resolve it?
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2
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1
answer
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Mounting (potentially faulty) harddisks
I have had a Lacie 2Big Triple RAID harddrive ages ago, and there are some family photos I didn't copy before the case broke. I tried to put the old hard disks into a reader, but the disk cannot be ...
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Inode of a Directory
Can you show with some picture or illustration what does an inode of a directory in ext4 filesystem?
Especially, how is the list of directory entries (list of filename-inode pairings) stored?.
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49
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How to make cgroup V2 persist accross system reboot in RHEL 7
I am using RHEL 7. The default Cgroup hierarchy for the system is Cgroup V1.
I need the system to have both Cgroup V1 and Cgroup V2 hierarchies co-existing, and I am achieving that by manually ...
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0
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2
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60
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Remove invalid characters from recursive Linux filesystem
I have a huge filesystem full of folders/files using invalid characters.
I have found one command that almost does what I want and it came from this thread - https://stackoverflow.com/questions/...
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How can I write a file to a specific inode on an ext2 image?
I have an ext2 image file, and I need to write a file to a specific inode within the image using command line utilities in Linux. I tried using debugfs but I couldn't find a way to write to a specific ...
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2
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44
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Is it possible to get a higher memory buff/cache usage after writing a lot of data to the disk?
On an Apache server of my own, logging requests to files has been enabled using a custom Apache module.
The log files can reach several GB at the end of the day.
Using Nagios I have noticed memory ...
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2
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63
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ext4 separate files into subdirectories VS one big directory
Will organizing files into subfolders enhance read access performance on an ext4 filesystem compared to storing them all in a single large directory?
We currently have a single large directory ...
1
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1
answer
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What's limiting the depth of a recursive symlink chain?
Out of curiosity, I ran the following:
mkdir haha
cd haha
ln -s ../haha haha
Which created a recursive structure like this:
┌────────┐
V │
haha/ │
haha/────┘
I wanted to see how ...
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6
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2
answers
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How does EXT4 handle sudden lack of space in the underlying storage?
Usually, block device drivers report correct size of the device, and it is possible to actually use all the "available" blocks. So, the filesystem knows how much it can write to such device ...
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1
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What could be the source of drastically different disk usage reports between df, lsblk and baobab?
Disk Usage Analyzer (baobab) reports a size of 29.3 GB for the root partition, out of which 2.5 GB are available:
However, when selecting that device for
closer inspection, I am presented with only 7....
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0
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Accesing encrypted HDD after reinstalling OS (Linux)
I have two drive on my PC:
SSD
HDD
OS (Debian) was installed on SSD. HDD was formatted and encrypted from Gnome Disks from installed OS.
In Gnome Disks information about HDD looks like:
Now I need ...
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4
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1
answer
626
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What is the significance of GPT's "Partition Type GUIDs"?
When I use cfdisk to create a new partition, I usually change its type to Linux filesystem. There's multiple types for most operating systems, but a very large number for Linux (architecture-specific ...
- 105
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Deleting an entry from the ext2 directory entry list
From this question, which references this site, I understand that when an entry in a directory is deleted, the size of the previous entry is pushed to the next entry or to the end of the block ...
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0
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ls long listing column "number of hard links": What does that mean? [duplicate]
Please shed some light on that erratic, second column of ls -l, that numeric column between the 1st one - the permission string - and the third one - the user ownership.
I just can't pin it down, what ...
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Ubuntu 22.04 vm stuck on boot at recovering journal
I have an ubuntu 22.04 server running on proxmox. I use it to stream media and it randomly froze up the other day. I have tried resetting and at first it would get to the login screen but freeze ...
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1
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How are block devices physically addressed in a file system
In this book, the following is mentioned about filesystem addressing:
A file system does not need to concern itself with where on the physical media a block should be put, that is the job of the ...
-1
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1
answer
44
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How are data organized when written in the Micro SD cards? [closed]
How are data organized when written in the Micro SD cards as there are no mechanical spinning platters like hard disks?
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1
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Reboot into `initramfs` after altering partition table
Problem Overview
I recently upgraded my remote server contract with IONOS, increasing my hard drive space from 8GB to 80GB. I have an Ubuntu OS running bash.
I then went about extending my working ...
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