bash scripts with option flags inconsistent behavior

Question

The code below is an mwe based on a script mwe I've written where I specify flags in what I think is the usual way. But I'm seeing really wierd behavior. If I type mwe -e or mwe -n it thinks there are no arguments and returns no arg. If I type mwe -k or mwe -i it thinks argType is not "-" and returns breaking. If I comment out the four lines that end with a # the code works as expected. That suggests the problem is being caused by the while loop. Could somebody please explain what's happening?

#!/bin/bash
foo=0
argType=`echo "$1" | cut -c 1`
while [ 1 -gt 0 ] ;   #
    do   #
        if [ $# -eq 0 ] ; then
            echo no arg
            exit
        elif [ "$argType" != "-" ] ; then
            #No more flags
            echo breaking
            break  #
        elif [ "$1" = "-n"  ] ; then
            foo=1
            shift
        elif [ "$1" = "-e"  ] ; then
            foo=2
            shift
        elif [ "$1" = "-i"  ] ; then
            foo=3
            shift
        elif [ "$1" = "-k"  ] ; then
            foo=4
            shift
        fi
done  #
echo This is foo:  $foo

Answer 1

Third line should be

argType=$(printf "%s" "$1" | cut -c 1)

As mentioned in comments, echo interprets arguments such as -e as an option, so that -e would not be passed to cut. Worse, as a special case, end-of-options flag -- is not available to echo. Then, you need printf, which is usually better anyway.

Since you are in bash, you could adopt @steeldriver's suggestion and use argType=${1:0:1} (which means: For parameter 1, start at char 0 and get 1 char) instead of the pipeline. Notice that is not available in the POSIX shell, however.

Also prefer $() instead of backticks, since the latter harm readability, especially when nesting.

Finally, notice that you are shifting, so, even after that correction, if you try ./myscript -e -i, eventually [ $# -eq 0 ] will be true and the execution will be terminated by exit. Maybe that is intended, maybe not, but at the end of the day the last echo would not be triggered.

Answer 2

From your question it is not clear what you want !

Anyhow it seems that you want the number corresponding to the last argument

#!/bin/bash
foo=0;

while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
    case "${1}" in
        '-n')
            foo=1;
            shift
        ;;
        '-e')
            foo=2;
            shift
        ;;
        '-i')
            foo=3;
            shift
        ;;
        '-k')
            foo=4;
            shift
        ;;
        *)
            echo "Invalid flag";
            exit 1;
        ;;
    esac
done

echo "This is foo: $foo"

If instead you want a mechanism that treats and validates arguments before being processed, you can use something like

#!/bin/bash

inputf='';
outputf='';
text='';
format='';

while [[ $# -gt 0 ]];do
    case "${1}" in
        '-i')
            inputf="${2}";
            shift 2
        ;;
        '-o')
            outputf="${2}";
            shift 2
        ;;
        '-t')
            text="${2}";
            shift 2
        ;;
        '-f')
            format="${2}";
            shift 2
        ;;
    esac
done