Why can't I redirect a path name output from one command to "cd"?

Question

I am trying to get cd to accept a directory name redirected to it from another command. Neither of these methods work:

$ echo $HOME | cd
$ echo $HOME | xargs cd

This does work:

$ cd $(echo $HOME)

Why does the first set of commands not work, and are there others that also fail this way?

Answer 1

cd is not an external command - it is a shell builtin function. It runs in the context of the current shell, and not, as external commands do, in a fork/exec'd context as a separate process.

Your third example works, because the shell expands the variable and the command substitution before calling the cd builtin, so that cd receives the value of ${HOME} as its argument.

POSIX systems do have a binary cd - on my FreeBSD machine, it's at /usr/bin/cd, but it doesn't do what you think. Calling the binary cd causes the shell to fork/exec the binary, which does indeed change its working directory to the name you pass. However, as soon as it does so, the binary exits, and the forked/exec'd process disappears, returning you to your shell, which is still in the directory it was in before you started.

Answer 2

cd does not read standard input. That is why your first example does not work.

xargs needs a command name, that is, a name of an independant executable. cd needs to be a shell built-in command and would have no effect (other than verifying that you can change to that directory and the potential side effects it may have like for automountable directories) if it were an executable. That is why your second example does not work.

Answer 3

In addition to the existing good answer, it is also worth mentioning that a pipe forks a new process, which has its own separate working directory. Therefore, trying to do this, won't work:

echo test | cd /

Thus, you won't be in the / folder after the shell returns from this command.

Answer 4

In addition to the correct answers already given: If you run bash and want to find out what a "command" like cd is you can use type

$ type cd
cd is a shell builtin

or why not:

$ type time
time is a shell keyword

while for example gnu time normally is included in your favorite distribution already:

$ which time
/usr/bin/time

Okey okey you get the idea, then what the heck is type?

$ type type
type is a shell builtin

Here's a bash manual snippet:

       type [-aftpP] name [name ...]
          With no options, indicate how each name would be interpreted  if  used  as  a
          command name.  If the -t option is used, type prints a string which is one of
          alias, keyword, function, builtin,  or  file  if  name  is  an  alias,  shell
          reserved word, function, builtin, or disk file, respectively.  If the name is
          not found, then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is  returned.
          If  the -p option is used, type either returns the name of the disk file that
          would be executed if name were specified as a command  name,  or  nothing  if
          ‘‘type  -t  name’’ would not return file.  The -P option forces a PATH search
          for each name, even if ‘‘type -t name’’ would not return file.  If a  command
          is  hashed,  -p  and -P print the hashed value, not necessarily the file that
          appears first in PATH.  If the -a option is used,  type  prints  all  of  the
          places  that  contain  an  executable  named name.  This includes aliases and
          functions, if and only if the -p option is  not  also  used.   The  table  of
          hashed  commands  is  not  consulted when using -a.  The -f option suppresses
          shell function lookup, as with the command builtin.  type returns true if any
          of the arguments are found, false if none are found.

Answer 5

As others have said, it won't work because cd is a shell builtin command, not an external program, so it doesn't have any standard input you can pipe anything into.

But, even if it worked, it wouldn't do what you wish: a pipe spawns a new process and redirects the standard output of the first command into the standard input of the second one, thus only the new process would change its current working directory; this couldn't affect the first process in any way.

Answer 6

Another option are backticks, which place the stdout of one command as a command line argument of a second command, and are more portable than $(...). For example:

cd `echo $HOME`

or more generally;

cd `anycommand -and whatever args`

Note that the use of backticks depends on the shell for executing the command and substituting the output on the command line. Most shells support it.