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If I enable -vvv when logging in to a SSH server using key-based authentication, then according to debug messages SSH client offers public key to SSH server: 

debug1: Offering public key: /home/user/.ssh/id_rsa
debug3: send_pubkey_test
debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply
debug1: Server accepts key: pkalg ssh-rsa blen 149

Why is that so? SSH server already has my public key in authorized_keys file. Or how to understand this Offering public key?

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The SSH server has your public key (from id_rsa.pub) in your authorized_keys. The ssh client has the private key (in id_rsa).

The debug message means the client is asking the server if it will accept authentication using that public/private keypair.

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