Is test or [ or [[ more portable both between bash shells and between other shells?

Question

I see I can do

$ [ -w /home/durrantm ] && echo "writable"
writable

or

$ test -w /home/durrantm && echo "writable"
writable

or

$ [[ -w /home/durrantm ]] && echo "writable"
writable

I like using the third syntax. Are they equivalent in all ways and for all negative and edge cases? Are there any differences in portability, e.g. between bash on Ubuntu and on OS X or older/newer bash versions, e.g. before/after 4.0 and do they both expand expressions the same way?

Answer 1

Yes, there are differences. The most portable are test or [ ]. These are both part of the POSIX test specification.

The if ... fi construct is also defined by POSIX and should be completely portable.

The [[ ]] is a ksh feature that is also present in some versions of bash (all modern ones), in zsh and perhaps in others but is not present in sh or dash or the various other simpler shells.

So, to make your scripts portable, use [ ], test or if ... fi.

Answer 2

[ is synonym of the test command and it is simultaneously a bash builtin and separate command. But [[ is a bash keyword and works in some versions only. So for reasons of portability you are better off using single [] or test

[ -w "/home/durrantm" ] && echo "writable"

Answer 3

Please note, that [] && cmd is not the same as if .. fi construction.

Sometimes its behaviour its pretty similar and you can use [] && cmd instead of if .. fi. But only sometimes. If you have more then one command to execute if condition or you need if .. else .. fi be careful and whatch the logic.

A couple of examples:

[ -z "$VAR" ] && ls file || echo wiiii

Is not the same as

if [ -z $VAR ] ; then
  ls file
else
  echo wiii
fi

because if ls will fail, echo will be executed which will not happen with if.

Another example:

[ -z "$VAR" ] && ls file && echo wiii

is not the same as

if [ -z "$VAR" ] ; then
   ls file
   echo $wiii
fi

though this construction will act the same

[ -z "$VAR" ] && { ls file ; echo wiii ; }

please note ; after echo is important and must be there.

So resuming statement above we can say

[] && cmd == if first command is successful then execute the next one

if .. fi == if condition (which may be the test command as well) then execute command(s)

So for portability between [ and [[ use [ only.

if is POSIX compatible. So if you have to choose between [ and if choose looking at your task and expected behaviour.

Answer 4

It's actually the && that is replacing the if, not the test: an if statement in shell scripting tests whether a command returned a "successful" (zero) exit status; in your example, the command is [.

So, there are actually two things you are varying here: the command used to run the test, and the syntax used to execute code based on the result of that test.

Test commands:

• test is a standardised command for evaluating properties of strings and files; in your example, you are running the command test -w /home/durrantm
• [ is an alias of that command, equally standardised, which has a mandatory last argument of ] in order to look like a bracketed expression; don't be fooled, it's still just a command (you may even find that your system has a file called /bin/[)
• [[ is an extended version of the test command built into some shells, but not part of the same POSIX standard; it includes extra options which you are not using here

Conditional expressions:

• The && operator (standardised here) performs a logical AND operation, by evaluating two commands and returning 0 (which represents true) if they both return 0; it will only evaluate the second command if the first one returned zero, so it can be used as a simple conditional
• The if ... then ... fi construct (standardised here) uses the same method of judging "truth", but allows for a compound list of statements in the then clause, rather than the single command afforded by an && short-circuit, and provides elif and else clauses, which are hard to write using only && and ||. Note that there are no brackets around the condition in an if statement.

So, the following are all equally portable, and entirely equivalent, renderings of your example:

• test -w /home/durrantm && echo "writable"
• [ -w /home/durrantm ] && echo "writable"
• if test -w /home/durrantm; then echo "writable"; fi
• if [ -w /home/durrantm ]; then echo "writable"; fi

While the following are also equivalent, but less portable due to the non-standard nature of [[:

• [[ -w /home/durrantm ]] && echo "writable"
• if [[ -w /home/durrantm ]]; then echo "writable"; fi

Answer 5

For portability, use test / [. But if you don't need the portability, for the sake of the sanity of yourself and others reading your script use [[. :)

Also see What is the difference between test, [ and [[ ? in the BashFAQ.

Answer 6

If you want portability outside the Bourne-like world, then:

test -w /home/durrantm && echo writable

is the most portable. It works in shells of the Bourne, csh and rc families.

test -w /home/durrantm && echo "writable"

would output "writable" instead of writable in shells of the rc family (rc, es, akanga, where " is not special).

[ -w /home/durrantm ] && echo writable

would not work in shells of the csh or rc families on systems that don't have a [ command in $PATH (some have been known to have test but not its [ alias).

if [ -w /home/durrantm ]; then echo writabe; fi

only works in shells of the Bourne family.

[[ -w /home/durrantm ]] && echo writable

only works in ksh (where it originated), zsh and bash (all 3 in the Bourne family).

None would work in the fish shell where you need:

[ -w /home/durrantm ]; and echo writable

or:

if [ -w /home/durrantm ]; echo writable; end

Answer 7

My most important reason for choosing either if foo; then bar; fi or foo && bar is whether the exit status of the whole command is important.

compare:

#!/bin/sh
set -e
foo && bar
do_baz

with:

#!/bin/sh
set -e
if foo; then bar; fi
do_baz

You might think they do the same; however if foo fails (or is false, depending on your point of view) then in the first example do_baz will not be executed, as the script will have exited... The set -e instructs the shell to exit immediately if any command return a false status. Very useful if you're doing things like:

cd /some/directory
rm -rf *

You don't want the script to continue running if the cd fails for whatever reason.