What is the reverse of echo -e?

Question

If I have a string with nonprintable characters, new lines, or tabs, is there a way I can use echo to print this string and show codes for these characters (e.g., \n for new line, \b for backspace)?

Answer 1

When you remove the -e switch to echo, in bash, and provided the xpg_echo option has not been enabled, it should print the strings as nothing more than their original text. So \n and \t would show up as literally that.

Example

$ echo "hi\t\tbye\n\n"
hi\t\tbye\n\n

$ echo -e "hi\t\tbye\n\n"
hi      bye

You can also use the printf built-in command of ksh93, zsh or bash to finagle this as well.

$ printf "%q\n" "$(echo -e "hi\t\tbye\n\nbye")"
$'hi\t\tbye\n\nbye'

(bash output shown above. There are some variations depending on the shell).

excerpt from help printf in bash

%q quote the argument in a way that can be reused as shell input

Answer 2

There are a lot of ways to do this. The most portable two that I know of are sed and od - they're both POSIX.

printf '\n\r\b\t\033[01;31m' | sed -n l

It does like... read style escapes - C-style.

OUTPUT

$
\r\b\t\033[01;31m$

od is a little more configurable...

printf '\n\r\b\t\033[01;31m' |
od -v -w12 -t c -t a -A n

 \n  \r  \b  \t 033   [   0   1   ;   3   1   m
 nl  cr  bs  ht esc   [   0   1   ;   3   1   m

If you wanna know what all of those options do you can look in man od, but I specify I want two types of escapes - the -t c backslash escapes and the -t a named characters. The -w option used above is not POSIX-specified.

And here's a little shell function that will portably print out the octal values of each byte in its arguments - which, of course, od might handle as well with -t o:

proctal() (LC_ALL=C
    for a do while [ -n "$a" ] 
    do printf %o\\n "'$a"
    a=${a#?}; done; done)  

That's a simple one. This is a little more complicated. It should be able to do what the shell-specific printf -q implementations can, though.

bsq() (set -f; export LC_ALL=C IFS=\'
    for a do q=${a##*\'}; printf \'
    [ -n "${a#"$q"}" ] &&
        printf "%s'\''" ${a%\'*}
    printf "%s'\n'''''\n" "$q"; done |
    sed -n "/'''''"'/!H;1h;//!d;$!n;x;l' |
    sed -e :n -e '/\\$/N;s/.\n//;tn
        s/\([^\\]\\\(\\\\\)*\)\([0-9]\)/\10\3/g
        s/\\\\'"''/\\\\''"'/g;s/$$//'
)

Using out example string from earlier with a little additional:

bsq "$(printf '\n\r\'\''b\t\033[01;31m')"

OUTPUT

'\n\r\\'\''b\t\0033[01;31m'

It's only slightly different. You might notice there's an extra 0 and an extra \backslash. This is to allow for easy translation to a read or a %b printf argument. For example:

i=0
until [ $((i=$i+1)) -gt 5 ]
do touch "\%$i$(printf 'hey\b \t;\n\033 ')"
done   #just for ugly's sake

bsq * | eval "
    printf '<%b>\n' $(tr \\n \ )
" | tee /dev/fd/2 |
sed -n l

OUTPUT

<\%1he  ;
>
<\%2he  ;
>
<\%3he  ;
>
<\%4he  ;
>
<\%5he  ;
>
<\\%1hey\b \t;$
\033 >$
<\\%2hey\b \t;$
\033 >$
<\\%3hey\b \t;$
\033 >$
<\\%4hey\b \t;$
\033 >$
<\\%5hey\b \t;$
\033 >$

Answer 3

You could use something like,

$ cat filename
Ramesh is testing
New Line        is

Now, you could do something like,

$ cat -A filename

Output

Ramesh is testing$
New Line ^Iis $

Another general testing without any files is as,

$ echo Hello$'\t'world. | cat -A

The above command yields the output as,

Hello^Iworld.$

References

• Linux: Display / Show File Contents (tabs, line breaks, non-printing characters)

Answer 4

With zsh, there are the (q), (qq), (qqq), (qqqq) variable expansion flags that can quote the variables in various ways:

$ a=$'a b\nba\bc\u00e9\0'

$ printf '%s\n' $a
a b
bcé

$ printf %s $a | od -vtc
0000000   a       b  \n   b   a  \b   c 303 251  \0
0000013

$ printf '%s\n' ${(q)a}
a\ b$'\n'ba$'\b'cé$'\0'

$ printf '%s\n' ${(qq)a}
'a b
bcé'

$ printf '%s\n' ${(qqq)a}
"a b
bcé"

$ printf '%s\n' ${(qqqq)a}
$'a b\nba\bcé\0'

$ (){local LC_ALL=C; print -r -- ${(qqqq)a}}
$'a b\nba\bc\303\251\0'

In your case, you'd probably want one of the last two.

Answer 5

od -c will print normal characters normally, but special characters (tab, newline, etc.) and unprintable characters as their printf escape code.

So:

$ echo -e asdf\\nghjk\\003foo | od -c -An
   a   s   d   f  \n   g   h   j   k 003   f   o   o  \n

The -An tells od to not output the address.

Answer 6

Use the printf command. For example:

printf "Hello\nthis is my line

will output

Hello
this is my line