This question pushed me to fork zsh-syntax-hightighting and add this feature. I've started from the filetypes project as ramonovski suggested in the comment, but it is very outdated with respect to original zsh-syntax-highlighting, lacks a lot of feature, supports only "256 color codes" in $LS_COLORS, etc.
At the end I've decided to write my own functions, and the result looks like that:

Notice a few things:
- Files (basename) and directories (dirname) are colored differently. This is not like standard
ls
works but I like that better, and to my taste this is just a bug in ls
.
- All possible file attributes are taken into account, not only file extension *.xxx. So for example
null
from /dev/
as a character device
is yellow here, as in ls
command.
- Files without 'special' attributes and without extension are in default color (.zshrc on the picture)
- Directory names are resolved correctly with tilde
If you like it you can download from github:
http://github.com/jimmijj/zsh-syntax-highlighting