E.g.: what does
supersede domain-name "SOMETHING.COM FOO.ORG";
exactly mean?
In English, supersede means (from OED)
To take the place of (something set aside or abandoned); to succeed to the place occupied by; to serve, be adopted or accepted instead of.
From man dhclient.conf
The supersede statement
supersede [ option declaration ] ; If for some option the client should always use a locally-configured value or values rather than whatever is supplied by the server, these values can be defined in the supersede statement.
So, for instance, you could write:
supersede host-name "myCoolName";