$BASHPID And $$ differ in some cases

Question

I'm reading "BASH pocket guide of Oreilly". It said:

The process ID of the current Bash process. In some cases, this can differ from $$.

Above explanation , explained $BASHPID variable.

Question: which cases?

Answer 1

An example is provided in the BASHPID description of the bash manpage:

   BASHPID
          Expands to the process id of the  current  bash  process.   This
          differs  from  $$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells
          that do not require bash to be re-initialized.

Here is an example of a subshell outputting the contents of the variable, along with $$ and the contents of BASHPID outside of the subshell.

$ echo $(echo $BASHPID $$) $$ $BASHPID
25680 16920 16920 16920

Answer 2

Subshells. $$ is specified by POSIX and always remains the value of the original shell process. $BASHPID is a Bash-specific variable, and is always the value of the process from which the variable is dereferenced, counting subshells.

 $ f() { printf '%s: %d, %d\n' "$1" $$ $BASHPID; };
 $ ${BASH_VERSION+shopt -s lastpipe}; set +m;
 $ f 1 >&2 | f 2
2: 31490, 31490
1: 31490, 32545

I did manage to convince the mksh maintainer to add BASHPID to the most recent version, so it is somewhat portable. It is also possible to implement BASHPID in ksh93 yourself on many platforms.