Your question can be taken several ways. Literally Karlson's answer is pretty cool because it tells you the filesystem of the volume | partition that you are currently on.
df -hT I have always liked this command because it shows you all the "standard" filesystems that are mounted and does it in human-readable size format.
However, you may have other disks or volumes that are not mounted (commented out), failed to mount, or have been unmounted. Another thing you can do is to run cat /etc/fstab this will show you the "filesystem table" and list the filesystems that are supposed to be mounted on boot along with the location, filesystem type, mountpoint, and more.